The people of the land have used oppression, and exercised robbery, and have vexed the poor and needy: yea, they have oppressed the stranger wrongfully.

The people of the land have used oppression - put last, after the mention of those in office. Corruption had spread downward through the whole community.

They have oppressed the stranger wrongfully - i:e., without cause, gratuitously, without the stranger-proselyte giving any just provocation; nay, he of all others being one who ought to have been won to the worship of Yahweh by kindness, instead of being alienated by oppression: especially as the Israelites were commanded to remember that they themselves had been "strangers in Egypt" (; ).

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