Thus saith the Lord God, Because that Edom, whose people were direct descendants of Jacob's brother Esau, hath dealt against the house of Judah by taking vengeance, or, "by exercising vindictive revenge," and hath greatly offended, heaping guilt upon itself, and revenged himself upon them, still smarting under the feeling of having been cheated of the right of the first-born, Cf Genesis 27:41,

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