οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων. Here the thought reverts to the main idea, the gift of salvation. It is in no sense earned by our conformity to the requirements whether of the Law or the Gospel, cf. Romans 1-4.

ἵνα μή τις καυχήσηται. The exclusion of ‘boasting’ is a familiar topic in the earlier Epistles, 1 Corinthians 1:31, &c. Here only in E ph. and Col.

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Old Testament