2 Samuel 12:31

put them under saws Put them upon saws: or perhaps we should read as in Chron., sawed them with saws. Cp. Hebrews 11:37. This barbarous practice was not unknown at Rome. "[Caligula] medios serra dissecuit." (Sueton. Calig.27.)

harrows of iron Threshing-sledges of iron: sledges or frames armed on the underside with rollers or sharp spikes, used for the purpose of bruising the ears of corn, and extracting the grain, and at the same time breaking up the straw into small pieces for use as fodder. See Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians, i. 408, ii. 423.

made them pass through the brick-kiln Burned them in brick-kilns. The phrase is chosen with reference to the idolatrous rite practised by the Ammonites, of "making their children pass through the fire" in honour of Moloch (2 Kings 23:10). This is the meaning of the Qrîor read text (see Introd. p. 15), which is probably correct. The Kthîbhor written text however has "made them pass through the Malchan," which is explained to mean the place where they burnt their children in honour of Moloch. But the word occurs nowhere else, and is of doubtful authority.

These cruel punishments must be judged according to the standard of the age in which they were inflicted, not by the light of Christian civilisation. The Ammonites were evidently a savage and brutal nation (1 Samuel 11:1-2; 2 Samuel 10:1-5; Amos 1:13), and in all probability they were treated no worse than they were accustomed to treat others. It was the age of retaliation, when the law of like for like the lextalionisprevailed (Judges 1:7; Leviticus 24:19-20). They had foully insulted David, and it is not to be wondered at if he was provoked into making a signal example of them by this severity. In this respect he did not rise above the level of his own age. Modern history has its parallels, not only in the barbarities perpetrated at Alençon by a ruthless soldier like William the Conqueror, but in the merciless massacre by which the Black Prince sullied his fair fame on the capture of Limoges. Green's History, pp. 72, 226.