envying and strife Better, as before, envy and rivalry. See note on James 3:14.

there is confusion and every evil work On the first word see note on James 3:8. It describes here the chaotic turbulence of such an assembly as that indicated in the preceding verse. Comp. Proverbs 26:28, where the Greek word in the LXX. answers to the "ruin" of the English version. The word for "evil" is not the common one, and expresses contempt as well as condemnation. Better, every vile deed. It is the word used in John 3:20; John 5:29.

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