How stubborn you are! Stephen now makes the application of all he has said. [Remember: the Holy Spirit is directing him.] They are stubborn like the ox that has to be driven to pull his load. Their hearts are heathen [alien and cut off from God]. They are deaf to God's message. They are just like their ancestors, whom Stephen has just described as rebels. They resist the Holy Spirit. Compare Romans 2:25-29.

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Old Testament