1_Be not many masters_. The common and almost universal interpretation
of this passage is, that the Apostle discourages the desire for the
office of teaching, and for this reason, because it is dangerous, and
exposes one to a heavier judgment, in case he transgresses: and they
think that he said_, B... [ Continue Reading ]
2_For in many things we offend all_. This may be taken as having been
said by way of concession, as though he had said, “Be it that thou
findest what is blamable in thy brethren, for no one is free from
sins; but dost thou think that thou art perfect who usest a slanderous
and virulent tongue?” But... [ Continue Reading ]
3_We put bits in the horses’ mouths_. By these two comparisons he
proves that a great part of true perfection is in the tongue, and that
it exercises dominion, as he has just said, over the whole life. He
compares the tongue, first, to a bridle, and then to a helm of a ship.
Though a horse be a fero... [ Continue Reading ]
_And boasteth great things_. The verb μεγαλαυχεῖν means to
boast one’s self, or to vaunt. But James in this passage did not
intend to reprove ostentation so much as to show that the tongue is
the doer of great things; for in this last clause he applies the
previous comparisons to his subject; and va... [ Continue Reading ]
He now explains the evils which proceed from the neglect of
restraining the tongue, in order that we may know that the tongue may
do much good or much evil, — that if it be modest and well
regulated, it becomes a bridle to the whole life, but that if it be
petulant and violent, like a fire it destro... [ Continue Reading ]
7_For every kind of beasts_. This is a confirmation of the last
clause; for that Satan by the tongue rules most effectively he proves
by this — that it can by no means be brought to due order; and he
amplifies this by comparisons. For he says that there is no animal so
savage or fierce, which is not... [ Continue Reading ]
9_Therewith_, or, _by it, bless we God_. It is a clear instance of its
deadly poison, that it can thus through a monstrous levity transform
itself; for when it pretends to bless God, it immediately curses him
in his own image, even by cursing men. For since God ought to be
blessed in all his works,... [ Continue Reading ]
This particular truth ought also to be borne in mind, that severe
censors discover their own virulence, which they suddenly vomit forth
against their brethren whatever curses they can imagine, after having
in sweet strains offered praises to God. Were any one to object and
say, that the image of God... [ Continue Reading ]
11_Doth a fountain_. He adduces these comparisons in order to shew
that a cursing tongue is something monstrous, contrary to all nature,
and subverts the order everywhere established by God. For God hath so
arranged things which are contrary, that inanimate things ought to
deter us from a chaotic mi... [ Continue Reading ]
13_Who is a wise man_. As the lust of slandering arises mostly from
pride, and as the false conceit of wisdom for the most part generates
pride, he therefore speaks here of wisdom. It is usual with hypocrites
to exalt and shew off themselves by criminating all others, as the
case was formerly with m... [ Continue Reading ]
l4_But if ye have bitter envying_. He points out the fruits which
proceed from that extreme austerity which is contrary to meekness; for
immoderate rigor necessarily begets mischievous emulations, which
presently break forth into contentions. It is, indeed, an improper
mode of speaking, to place con... [ Continue Reading ]
15_This wisdom descendeth not_. As hypocrites with difficulty give
way, he sharply checked their haughtiness, denying that to be true
wisdom with which they were inflated, while they were extremely morose
in searching out the vices of others. Conceding to them, however, the
term _wisdom_, he shews b... [ Continue Reading ]
16_For where envying is_. It is an argument from what is contrary; for
envying, by which hypocrites are influenced, produces effects contrary
to wisdom. For wisdom requires a state of mind that is calm and
composed, but envying disturbs it, so that in itself it becomes in a
manner tumultuous, and bo... [ Continue Reading ]
17_But the wisdom which is from above_. He now mentions the effects of
celestial wisdom which are wholly contrary to the former effects. He
says first that it is _pure_; by which term he excludes hypocrisy and
ambition. (127) He, in the second place, calls it _peaceable_, to
intimate that it is not... [ Continue Reading ]
18_And the fruit of righteousness_. This admits of two meanings, —
that fruit is sown by the peaceable, which afterwards they gather, —
or, that they themselves, though they meekly tolerate many things in
their neighbors, do not yet cease to sow righteousness. It is,
however, an anticipation of an o... [ Continue Reading ]