The word, עברה _obere_, properly means assault, passing over
limits; but what is peculiar to man is often in Scripture ascribed to
God. Here also he changes the person, for he spoke before of the
people under the person of a woman, as it is often done; but now the
Prophet himself comes before us. At... [ Continue Reading ]
The letters of the alphabet are tripled in this chapter, which I had
omitted to mention. In the first two chapters each verse begins with
the successive letters of the alphabet, except that in the last
chapter there is one instance of inversion, for Jeremiah has put פ,
_phi_, before ע, _oin; _or it... [ Continue Reading ]
Now he says that _God was an adversary to him; _for this is what the
verb ישב,_isheb, _means, he is turned against me. As an enemy, when
intending to fight, comes to meet one from the opposite side, so the
Prophet says of God, who had become an enemy to him; and he teaches
the same thing in another... [ Continue Reading ]
These, as it evidently appears, are metaphorical words. Illness often
makes people to look old, for from pain proceeds leanness: thus the
skin is contracted, and the wrinkles of old age appear even in youths.
As, then, sorrows exhaust moisture and strength, hence he is said to
grow old who pines awa... [ Continue Reading ]
The words, as translated, may seem harsh, yet they have no common
beauty in Hebrew. The Prophet says he was blocked up and straitened as
it were by walls; and as we shall see, he repeats this comparison
three times; in other words, indeed, but for the same purpose.
God, he says, _hath built against... [ Continue Reading ]
Here he amplifies what he had before said of poison and trouble; he
says that he was placed in darkness, not that he might be there for a
little while, but remain there for a long time; he hath made me, he
says, to dwell in darkness. But the comparison which follows more
clearly explains the Prophet... [ Continue Reading ]
Here he says, first, that he was held _shut up; _for גדר, _gidar,
_is to enclose, and גדרה, _gidare, _means a fence or a mound, or
an enclosure of any kind. He then says, that he was shut up as it were
by a fence, so that he could not go forth; literally, it is, and _I
shall not go forth; _but the c... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet describes here the extremity of all evils, that it availed
him nothing to cry and to pray. And yet we know that we are called to
do this in all our miseries.
“The strongest tower is the name of the Lord, to it will the
righteous flee and shall be safe.” (Proverbs 18:10.)
Again,
“Whoso... [ Continue Reading ]
Other metaphors are used. Some think that the Prophet refers to the
siege of Jerusalem, but such a view is not suitable. The metaphors
correspond with one another, though they are somewhat different. He
had said before, that he was enclosed by God, or surrounded as with a
mound; and now he transfers... [ Continue Reading ]
Harsh is the complaint when Jeremiah compares God to a. bear and a
lion. But we have said that the apprehension of God’s wrath so
terrified the faithful, that they could not sufficiently express the
atrocity of their calamity; and then borne in mind must also be what
we have stated, that they spoke... [ Continue Reading ]
In this verse also the Prophet shews how grievously the faithful are
disturbed when they feel that God is adverse to them. But he uses the
same figure as yesterday, though the word סורר, _surer, _is
different: what he used yesterday was עוה, _oue_, but in the same
sense.
He then says that his ways h... [ Continue Reading ]
Here the Prophet introduces another metaphor, that God had shot him
with arrows, as he was made a mark to them. Jeremiah has elsewhere
often used the word מתרא, _methera_, for a prison; but here it
means a mark at which arrows are leveled, and such is its meaning in
Job 16:12, where there is a simil... [ Continue Reading ]
He goes on with the same metaphor; he said in the last verse that God
had leveled his bow; he now adds, that his arrows had penetrated into
his reins, that is, into his inward parts. But we must bear in mind
what the Prophet meant, that God had dealt so severely with the
people, that no part, even t... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet again complains of the reproaches to which God had exposed
the Jews. We have said that of all evils the most grievous is
reproach, and experience teaches us that sorrow is greatly embittered
when scoffs and taunts are added to it; for he who silently bears the
most grievous sorrows, beco... [ Continue Reading ]
Some render the last word “wormwood,” but this word seems not to
me to suit the passage, for though wormwood is bitter, yet it is a
wholesome herb. I therefore take it in this and like places for poison
or gall; and ראש, _rash, _as we shall see, is joined with it. To
satiate, is also a metaphor very... [ Continue Reading ]
Many renderings are given of these words’ there is, however, no
over-statement here; for, as it has been often said, the grief of the
people under such a mass of evils could not be sufficiently expressed.
The Prophet, no doubt, extended here his hand to the weak, who would
have otherwise lain down a... [ Continue Reading ]
By saying that his _soul was remote from peace, _he means that no good
remained; for by peace, as it is well known, the Hebrews understood
every kind of prosperity. And he explains himself by another clause,
that, he had _forgotten every good; _and this forgetfulness ought to
be understood, so to sp... [ Continue Reading ]
This verse shews what I have before reminded you of, that the Prophet
does not here speak as though he was divested of every sin, and
prescribed a perfect rule for prayer. But, on the contrary, in order
to animate the faithful to seek God, he sets before them here an
instance of infirmity which ever... [ Continue Reading ]
The verb may be considered as an imperative; it is an infinitive mood,
but it is often taken in Hebrew as an imperative. Thus, many deem it a
prayer, _Remember my affliction and my trouble, the gall and the
poison _This might be admitted; but what others teach I prefer: that
this verse depends on th... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet seems in other words to confirm what he had said, even
that the memory of afflictions overwhelmed his soul. For the soul is
said to be humbled in or upon man, when he lies down under the burden
of despair. It is the soul that raises man up, and as it were revives
him; but when the soul i... [ Continue Reading ]
We see here what I have already stated, that if we struggle against
temptations, it will be a sure remedy to us, because our faith will at
length emerge again, and gather strength, yea, it will in a manner be
raised up from the lowest depths. This is what the Prophet now shews.
_I will recall this,... [ Continue Reading ]
The first clause may be explained in two ways: The view commonly taken
is, that it ought to be ascribed to God’s mercy that the faithful
have not been often consumed. Hence a very useful doctrine is elicited
— that God succors his own people, lest they should wholly perish.
But if we attend to the c... [ Continue Reading ]
This verse confirms what I have said, that the same truth is here
repeated by the Prophet, that God’s mercies were not consumed, nor
had his compassion’s failed. How so? Because they were new, or
renewed, every day; but he puts _morning_, and that in the plural
number. I am surprised at the hour str... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet intimates in this verse that we cannot stand firm in
adversities, except we be content with God alone and his favor; for as
soon as we depart from him, any adversity that may happen to us will
cause our faith to fail. It is then the only true foundation of
patience and hope to trust in G... [ Continue Reading ]
He continues the same subject: he however adds now something to it,
even that God always deals mercifully with his servants, who recumb on
him, mid who seek him. We hence see that the last verse is confirmed,
where he said that he was content with God alone, while suffering all
kinds of adversity: H... [ Continue Reading ]
It is, indeed, an abrupt phrase when he says, Good and he will wait;
for these words are without a subject; but as it is a general
statement, there is no ambiguity. The Prophet means that it is _good
to hope and to be silent as to the salvation, of God. _Then the verbs
in the future tense ought to b... [ Continue Reading ]
This verse admits of two meanings; for the word yoke may be explained
as signifying teaching, or the scourges of God. We, indeed, undertake
or bear in two ways the yoke of God, even when we are taught to
receive his doctrine, or when we are resigned when he chastises us,
when we are not obstreperous... [ Continue Reading ]
Here he shews the fruit of teachableness; for when God deals severely
with his children, they yet do not rebel, but even then they willingly
submit to his authority. For whence comes it that so much impatience
rages in men, except that they know not what it is to obey God, to
prepare themselves to b... [ Continue Reading ]
He continues the same subject; for he describes to us men so subdued
to obedience that they are ready to bear whatever God may lay on them.
He then says that the sitting and the silence of which he spoke, so
far prevailed, that the children of God, though in extreme evils, did
not yet cease to perse... [ Continue Reading ]
Here he mentions another fruit of patience, that the faithful, even
when injuries are done to them by the wicked, would yet be calm and
resigned. For there are many who submit to God when they perceive his
hand; as, for instance, when any one is afflicted with a disease, he
knows that it is a chasti... [ Continue Reading ]
It is certain that there will be no patience, except there be hope, as
it has already appeared. As, then, patience cherishes hope, so hope is
the foundation of patience; and hence consolation is, according to
Paul, connected with patience. (Romans 15:4.) And this is the doctrine
which the Prophet no... [ Continue Reading ]
We saw in the last Lecture that the best and the only true remedy for
sorrows is, when the faithful are convinced that they are chastised
only by the paternal hand of God, and that, the end of all their evils
will be blessed. Now this they cannot of themselves assume; but God
comes to their aid, and... [ Continue Reading ]
This is another confirmation of the same truth, that God takes no
delight in the evils or miseries of men. It is indeed a strong mode of
speaking which the Prophet adopts, but very suitable. God, we know,
puts on, as it were, our form or manner, for he cannot be comprehended
in his inconceivable glo... [ Continue Reading ]
Many interpreters think that these three verses are connected with the
previous doctrine, and show the connection thus, — that God does not
see, that is, does not know what it is to pervert the good cause of a
man, and to oppress the innocent; and, doubtless, God is said not to
know what iniquity is... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet, after having mentioned the blasphemy which prevailed
everywhere at that time, strongly condemns so gross a stupidity. _Who
is this? _he says. He checks such madness by a sharp rebuke — for
the question implies an astonishment, as though the Prophet had said,
that it was like a prodigy t... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet says that _from the mouth of the most High proceed good
and evil _By “mouth” he means his decree. God indeed does not
always declare that he is a judge; he has often executed punishment on
the wicked, as it were, in silence; for there were no prophets among
the heathens to proclaim the j... [ Continue Reading ]
Some explain the verb יתאונן, _itaunen, _by giving it the sense
of lying, “Why should man lie?” others, “Why should man
murmur?” But I see not what sense there can be in rendering it lying
or murmuring. Others translate thus, “Why should man harden
himself?” but it is a mere conjecture. Now, this ve... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet now shews more clearly what the reproof meant which we
shortly explained yesterday: he said that men act absurdly while they
weary themselves in their sins; he now adds that they would do rightly
if they inquired into their own life, and faithfully examined
themselves.
For hence is trou... [ Continue Reading ]
To conversion he joins prayer; for we cannot be reconciled to God
except he buries our sins; nor can repentance and faith be separated.
Moreover, to taste of God’s mercy opens to us the door of prayer.
And this ought to be carefully noticed, because the unbelieving seem
at times to be very busy in s... [ Continue Reading ]
The faithful do not here expostulate with God, but on the contrary
acknowledge that God’s severity was just. That God then had dealt
with them severely, they ascribe to their own sins, This is the
substance of what is said.
We hence learn that an ingenuous confession ever accompanies
repentance, as... [ Continue Reading ]
At the first view, this complaint may seem to proceed from a bitter
heart; for here the faithful complain that they had been slain, and
then that God had executed his judgment as it were in darkness,
without any indulgence; and the next verse confirms the same thing.
But it is a simple acknowledgmen... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet confirms the same thing, but the words are different. He
again repeats the word to cover; but, that the metaphor might be
clearer and more fully explained, he says, _with a cloud. _He simply
intimates, that a cloud interposed, that God might more unrestrainedly
punish the Jews, as they h... [ Continue Reading ]
They say here that they were exposed to reproach, so as to become, as
it were, the sweepings of the world. Some render סחי, _sachi_,
“refuse;” some by other words; and some “filth:” But the word
properly means sweepings or scraping’s, called by the Greeks
περιψήματα. Paul says, that he and his assoc... [ Continue Reading ]
He repeats what he had said, that the people were an offscouring, or
scrapings, or sweepings, and also a refuse. The last word is, indeed,
in the infinitive mood, מאוס, _maus, _but it is to be taken as a
noun. They had become all this, because they had as many enemies as
neighbors; for we know that... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet largely dwells on the grievousness of the calamity which
had happened. He compares here the anxieties into which the people had
been brought, to a _pitfall _and _dread. _There is a striking
alliteration in the words פחד and פחת, _pechet _and _peched.
_But the meaning is, that the people... [ Continue Reading ]
Interpreters give different explanations of the beginning of this
verse: some render it thus, “My eye comes down unto rivers of
waters;” others, “My eye flows down unto rivers of waters,” or,
“rivers of waters flow down.” But as I have explained elsewhere,
the Prophet rather means, that his eye came... [ Continue Reading ]
He repeats the same in other words, — that his eyes flowed down with
tears. He still retains the singular number, but this is common in
Hebrew. He then says, that _his eye without end flowed down, so that
there was no rest _But it afterwards follows —... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet here makes a distinction between his weeping and that
blind sorrow by which the unbelieving are affected and violently
agitated: they have no regard to God. Then the Prophet says here that
he not only wept, but that he also prayed and waited for God to put an
end to evils. As I have alre... [ Continue Reading ]
He had said, that his eye flowed down, and then, that it was like a
fountain, from which many streams or rivers flowed: he now adopts
another mode of speaking, that his _eyes grieved his soul; _and it is
a sign of the greatest sorrow when he who weeps seeks some relief, and
is at the same time overp... [ Continue Reading ]
We shall see to the end of the chapter the various complaints, by
which the Prophet deplored the miseries of his own nation, that he
might at length obtain the mercy of God. He takes here the comparison
of a bird or a sparrow. He says that the Chaldeans had been like
fowlers, and the Jews like sparr... [ Continue Reading ]
He now employs other comparisons. Some improperly confine this to
Jeremiah himself, as though he explained here before God the wrongs
done to himself: but there is no doubt but that he undertakes the
cause of the whole people; and his object was to encourage by his own
example the faithful to lament... [ Continue Reading ]
He now adds a third comparison, — that he had been overwhelmed, as
it were, with a flood of evils. This similitude occurs often in
Scripture, especially in the Psalms; for when David wished to set
forth his despair, lie said that he was sunk in deep waters. (Psalms
69:15.) So also in this place the... [ Continue Reading ]
We certainly see that the Prophet had an inward conflict, which also
all the faithful experience, for the spirit fights against the flesh,
as Paul teaches us. (Galatians 5:17.) Though, then, he on the one hand
apprehended death, he yet ceased not to flee to God; for faith
strengthened his mind so th... [ Continue Reading ]
When the Prophet says that God _heard, _it is the same as though he
said, that he had so prayed that God became a witness of his
earnestness and solicitude; for many boast in high terms of their
earnestness and fervor and constancy in prayer, but their boastings
are all empty and vain. But the Proph... [ Continue Reading ]
Here the Prophet tells us that he had experienced the goodness of God,
because he had not suffered a repulse when he prayed. And this
doctrine is especially useful to us, that is, to call to mind that we
had not in time past prayed in vain. For we may hence feel assured,
that as God ever continues l... [ Continue Reading ]
For the same purpose he now says, that God had been his judge to
undertake his cause, and not only once, for he had contended for him
as though he had been his perpetual advocate. The meaning is, that the
Prophet (who yet speaks in the name of all the faithful) had found God
a defender and a helper,... [ Continue Reading ]
The word עותתי, _outti_, is rendered by some “iniquity,” but
in an ironical sense, as though the Prophet had said, “Thou, God,
knowest whether I have offended.” But the word is to be taken
passively; the verb עות, _out, _means, to subvert, as we have
elsewhere seen, even in this chapter. Then, by _h... [ Continue Reading ]
This mode of speaking was often used by the saints, because God, when
it pleased him to look on their miseries, was ever ready to bring them
help. Nor were they words without meaning, when the faithful said, _O
Lord, thou hast seen; _for they said this for their own sake, that
they might shake off a... [ Continue Reading ]
We see that this is a repetition, but for vengeances he now mentions
_reproaches _And in this way he sought again to turn God to mercy; for
when he brings no aid, he seems to close his eyes and to render his
ears deaf; but when he attends to our evils, he then soon brings help.
The Prophet, then, ha... [ Continue Reading ]
Instead of thoughts, he now mentions_lips, _or words. The verb הגה,
_ege _means to meditate, when no voice is uttered; but as the noun is
connected here with lips, there is no doubt but that the Prophet
refers to words, rather than to hidden meditations. (204) He then
says, that such were the conspi... [ Continue Reading ]
The Prophet repeats still the same thing, only in other words. He had
spoken of the lyings in wait, and the conspiracies and the speeches of
his enemies; he now adds, that nothing was hid from God. By _sitting
_and _rising, _he means all the actions of life, as when David says,
“Thou knowest my sit... [ Continue Reading ]
He adds here a conclusion; for he has hitherto been relating, as I
have said, the evils which he suffered, and also the reproaches and
unjust oppressions, in order that; he might have God propitious to
him; for this is the way of conciliating favor when we are wrongfully
dealt with; for it cannot be... [ Continue Reading ]
He expresses what the vengeance was to be, even that God would give
them up to a reprobate mind; for by מגנת-לב, _meganet-leb, _he
no doubt meant the blindness of the heart, and at the same time
included stupidity, as though he had said, “O Lord, so oppress them
with evils, that they may become stup... [ Continue Reading ]
He first asks God to _persecute them in wrath, _that is, to be
implacable to them; for persecution is, when God not only chastises
the wicked for a short time, but when he adds evils to evils, and
accumulates them until they perish. He then adds, and prays God to
_destroy them from under the heavens... [ Continue Reading ]