‘Ephraim has provoked to anger most bitterly, therefore will his blood be left on him, and his reproach will his Lord return to him.'

Once again Hosea ends a passage with a judgment on Israel. He had commenced it with a description of Ephraim's view of themselves (Hosea 12:8), had centred on YHWH's view of Ephraim (Hosea 12:11), and now he himself presents his own view of them. They have provoked YHWH to anger most bitterly through blood guilt, and it will therefore be left on their shoulders (the singular nouns and pronouns refer to the whole of Ephraim). And in the end their Lord will return it to them, that is, will heap it up on them and will punish them accordingly. Note the reference to ‘his Lord'. That was a notion that Ephraim had forgotten.

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