great and terrible wilderness Deuteronomy 1:19: cp. Deuteronomy 7:21.

fiery serpents and scorpions The former, in the collective singular naḥash sarapḥ, are described in the plural in Numbers 21:6 E: cp. Isaiah 30:6: the flying saraph. If saraphreally means burning and is not a foreign word (for dragonor the like), it refers to the inflammation produced by the serpent's bite. Scorpionsis added characteristically by D.

out of the rock of flint Exodus 17:6 (E): Numbers 20:8; Numbers 20:11 (JE): in both cases only the rock. D's characteristic rhetoric adds of flint. The word does not occur before D, and elsewhere only in Deuteronomy 32:13; Psalms 114:8; Job 28:9; Isaiah 50:7.

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