How the Pharaoh's servants i.e. his courtiers and minister act in consequence.

22, 23a (E). The hail comes at the signal given by Moses with his rod. The rod in Moses" hand is a mark of E: see on Exodus 4:17.

23a. sent thunder lit. gave voices. -Voices" is a common expression in Heb. for -thunder" (vv.29, 33, 34, Exodus 19:16; Exodus 20:18; 1 Samuel 12:17-18 [with -gave," as here], Job 28:26; Job 38:25; cf. Revelation 4:5; Revelation 8:5; Revelation 11:15, &c.): in a thunderstorm the Hebrews imagined Jehovah, enveloped in light, to be borne along in the dark thunder cloud; the flashes of lightning were glimpses of the brilliancy within, caused by the clouds parting; and the thunder was His voice. See especially Psalms 18:10-13; Psalms 29:3-9 (where -the voice of Jehovah" means the thunder), Job 36:29; Job 37:2. With -gave voices" here, cf. -gave (i.e. uttered) his voice" (in thunder), Psalms 18:13; Psalms 46:6; Psalms 68:33 al.

23b (J). The sequel of v.18 [vv.19 21 being parenthetic) in J.

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