Israel here renounces those sins against the theocracy of which Jehovah's prophet had specially accused him, viz. trust in Assyria (Hosea 5:13; Hosea 7:11; Hosea 8:9) and reliance on horses and chariots (Hosea 1:7; Hosea 10:13, alluding no doubt to the Egyptian alliance, comp. Isaiah 30:16; Isaiah 31:1), and idolatry (Hosea 4:17; Hosea 8:4).

to the work of our hands An early anticipation of the splendid morsels of irony, in which a later prophet lashes idolatry (see Isaiah 42:17; Isaiah 54:17).

the fatherless Israel's condition is compared to that of an orphan (comp. the exquisite ὀρφανούς of John 14:18).

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