Luke 21:9

wars and commotions The best comment on the primaryfulfilment of this Discourse is the Jewish Warof Josephus, and the Annals and History of Tacitus (Ann.xii. 38, xv. 22, xvi. 13), whose narrative is full of earthquakes, wars, crimes, violences and pollutions, and who describes the period which he is narrating as one which was "rich in calamities, horrible with battles, rent with seditions, savage even in peace itself." The main difficulties of our Lord's Prophecy vanish when we bear in mind (i) that Prophecy is like a landscape in which time and space are subordinated to eternal relations, and in which events look like hills seen chain behind chain which to the distant spectator appear as one; and (ii) that in the necessarily condensed and varying reports of the Evangelists, sometimes the primaryfulfilment (which is shewn most decisively and irrefragably by Luke 21:32 to be the Fall of Jerusalem), sometimes the ultimatefulfilment is predominant. The Fall of Jerusalem was the Close of that Aeon and a symbol of the Final End (telos). This appears most clearly in the report of St Luke.

commotions akatastasias, conditions of instability and rottenness, the opposite to peace.1 Corinthians 14:33; James 3:16. Such commotions were the massacre of 20,000 Jews in their fight with the Gentiles at Caesarea; the assassinations or suicides of Nero, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius; the civil wars, &c.

be not terrified The Greek word is the exact equivalent of our English word -be not scared," Luke 24:37; 1 Peter 3:6 ;Proverbs 3:25.

but the end is not by and by Rather, but not immediately is the end. For -by and by" see Luke 17:7; Matthew 13:21; Mark 6:25. The words are most important as a warning against the same eschatological excitement which St Paul discourages in 2 Thess. ("The end is not yet,"Matthew 24:6; Mark 13:7.) The things which -must first come to pass" before the finalend were (1) physical disturbances which so often synchronise with historic crises, as Niebuhr has observed; (2) persecutions; (3) apostasy; (4) wide evangelisation; (5) universal troubles of war, &c. They were the "beginning of birth-throes" (Matthew 24:8); what the Jews called the "birth-pangs of the Messiah."