Matthew 10:18

ἡγεμόνας, provincial governors, including the three degrees: Propraetors, Proconsuls, and Procurators. From the point of view of the evangelist, who conceives the whole discourse as connected with the Galiean mission confined to Jews, the reference can only be to Roman governors in Palestine. But in Christ's mind they doubtless had a larger scope, and pointed to judicial tribulations in the larger, Gentile world. εἰς μαρτύριον. The compensation for the incriminated will be that, when they stand on their defence, they will have an opportunity of witnessing for the Master (ἔνεκεν ἐμοῦ) and the Cause. Observe the combination καὶ δὲ in first clause of this verse, καὶ before ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας, δὲ after it. It introduces a further particular under a double point of view, with καὶ so far as similar, with δὲ so far as different (Bäumlein, Schulgram., § 675, also Gr. Partikeln, 188, 9). A more formidable experience.