ὅσιος and δίκαιος are used together of God in hieratic inscriptions of dedication throughout Asia Minor, possibly under Jewish influence. Δίκαιος, often a title of messiah (see on Revelation 3:1 and Beer's note on En. xxxviii. 2), is reserved here for God. Retribution is the outcome of God's intense holiness or majesty (cf. Revelation 6:10; Revelation 15:4) asserting itself on behalf of his people (Revelation 15:3; Revelation 19:2, cf. Revelation 3:7) and in self-vindication.

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Old Testament