The retribution once threatened on Jerusalem and the Jews (Matthew 23:35) is now transferred apparently to Rome, the later antagonist of the faith (cf. on Revelation 18:24). Once the Romans made Christian blood run like water. Now, by the irony of providence, they shall find nothing but blood to drink. This moral vengeance (cf. Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables), with its grim equivalence between sin and sin's punishment (Revelation 11:18; Revelation 13:10; Revelation 18:7; cf. 2 Timothy 2:12, etc.) is not pushed, however, into the grotesque and elaborately Dantesque details, e.g., of the Apocalypse of Peter. ἐξέχεαν (the verb runs all through this chapter, and this chapter only), cf. Dittenberger's Sylloge Inscript. Graec. 816 7 (cent. A.D.) ἐγχέαντας τὸ ἀναίτιον αἷμα ἀδίκως. ἁγ. κ. πρ., all prophets are ἅγιοι, but all ἅγιοι are not prophets.

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Old Testament