After the long interlude of judgments on the earth, the πρεσβύτεροι and ζῷα (incidentally mentioned in Revelation 11:16; Revelation 14:3) re-appear upon the scene, though for the last time, to take part in the chorus of praise over Rome's ruin. The cradle-song of the future is the dirge of Rome. The drama now centres mainly round the city of God, and the earlier temple-scenery of the Apocalypse (Revelation 19:4-11; Revelation 15:5 to Revelation 16:17) passes almost wholly out of sight. Ἀμήν : the initial (and primitive) use of ἀμήν, social (e.g., 1 Kings 1:36) as well as liturgical, which gravely assents to the preceding words of another speaker.

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Old Testament