FALLEN (πεπτωκοτα). Perfect active participle of πιπτω, already down. In Luke 10:18 note πεσοντα (constative aorist active, like a flash of lightning) after εθεωρουν and in Revelation 7:2 note αναβαινοντα (present active and linear, coming up, picturing the process) after ειδον.OF THE PIT OF THE... [ Continue Reading ]
OPENED (ηνοιξεν). First aorist active indicative of ανοιγνυμ. With the "key" (κλεις).AS THE SMOKE OF A GREAT FURNACE (ως καπνος καμινου μεγαλης). The plague of demonic locusts is here turned loose. Καμινος is old word for a smelting-furnace, already in Revelation 1:15.WERE DARKENED (εσκοτωθη)... [ Continue Reading ]
LOCUSTS (ακριδες). Also verse Revelation 9:7 and already in Matthew 3:4; Mark 1:6 (diet of the Baptist). The Israelites were permitted to eat them, but when the swarms came like the eighth Egyptian plague (Exodus 10:13) they devoured every green thing. The smoke was worse than the fallen star and... [ Continue Reading ]
IT WAS SAID (ερρεθη). First aorist passive indicative of ειπον.THAT THEY SHOULD NOT HURT (ινα μη αδικησουσιν). Sub-final (object clause subject of ερρεθη) with ινα μη and the future active of αδικεω as in Revelation 3:9; Revelation 8:3. Vegetation had been hurt sufficiently by the hail (Revelat... [ Continue Reading ]
THAT THEY SHOULD NOT KILL THEM (ινα μη αποκτεινωσιν αυτους). Sub-final object clause (subject of εδοθη) with ινα μη and the subjunctive of αποκτεινω either present (continued action) or aorist (constative, form the same), the usual construction with ινα. The locusts are charged to injure men, but... [ Continue Reading ]
MEN (ο ανθρωπο). Generic use of the article (men as a class).SHALL NOT FIND IT (ου μη ευρησουσιν αυτον). Strong double negative ου μη with the future active indicative according to Aleph Q, but ευρωσιν (second aorist active subjunctive) according to A P (either construction regular). The idea h... [ Continue Reading ]
THE SHAPES (τα ομοιωματα). Old word from ομοιοω, to make like (from ομοιος, like), likeness, in N.T. only here, Romans 5:14; Philippians 2:7, "the likenesses were like" (ομοια). Hομοιωμα is "midway between μορφη and σχημα" (Lightfoot).UNTO HORSES (ιπποις). Associative-instrumental case, as is th... [ Continue Reading ]
THEY HAD (ειχαν). Imperfect active, late form as in Mark 8:7 in place of the usual ειχον.AS HAIR OF WOMEN (ως τριχας γυναικων). That is long hair (1 Corinthians 11:15), with no reference to matters of sex at all, for ανθρωπων just before is used, not ανδρων (men as distinct from women). Perhaps... [ Continue Reading ]
AS IT WERE BREASTPLATES OF IRON (ως θωρακας σιδερους). The θωραξ was originally the breast (from the neck to the navel), then the breastplate, only N.T. usage (Revelation 9:9; Revelation 9:17; 1 Thessalonians 5:8; Ephesians 6:14). The armour for the breastplate was usually of iron (σιδερους, Revel... [ Continue Reading ]
TAILS (ουρας). Old word, in N.T. only in Revelation 9:10; Revelation 9:19; Revelation 12:4.LIKE UNTO SCORPIONS (ομοιας σκορπιοις). Aleph A wrongly have ομοιοις (agreeing with σκορπιοις instead of with ουρας). It is a condensed idiom for "like unto the tails of the scorpions" as we have it in Re... [ Continue Reading ]
AS KING (βασιλεα). Predicate accusative and anarthrous. In Proverbs 30:27 it is stated that the locust has no king, but this is not true of these demonic locusts. Their king is "the angel of the abyss (verse Revelation 9:1) whose orders they obey."HIS NAME IS (ονομα αυτω). "Name to him" (nomina... [ Continue Reading ]
THE FIRST WOE (η ουα η μια). Note feminine gender ascribed to the interjection ουα as in Revelation 11:14, perhaps because θλιψις is feminine, though we really do not know. Note also the ordinal use of μια (one) like πρωτη (first) as in Revelation 6:1; Mark 16:2.THERE COME YET TWO WOES (ερχετα... [ Continue Reading ]
A VOICE (φωνην μιαν). For μιαν as indefinite article see Revelation 8:13. Accusative case here after ηκουσα, though genitive in Revelation 8:13, a distinction between sound and sense sometimes exists (Acts 9:7; Acts 22:9), but not here as the words are clearly heard in both instances.FROM (εκ).... [ Continue Reading ]
ONE SAYING TO THE SIXTH ANGEL (λεγοντα τω εκτω). Accusative masculine singular active participle of λεγω, personifying φωνην and agreeing with it in case, though not in gender. This voice speaks to the sixth angel (dative case).WHICH HAD THE TRUMPET (ο εχων την σαλπιγγα). Nominative case in app... [ Continue Reading ]
WERE LOOSED (ελυθησαν). First aorist (ingressive) passive indicative of λυω, "were let loose."WHICH HAD BEEN PREPARED (ο ητοιμασμενο). Perfect passive articular participle of ετοιμαζω, to make ready (ετοιμος), in a state of readiness prepared by God (Revelation 12:6; Revelation 16:12; Matthew 2... [ Continue Reading ]
OF THE HORSEMEN (του ιππικου). Old adjective ιππικος from ιππος (horse), equestrian. The neuter articular singular το ιππικον, the horse or the cavalry in contrast with το πεζικον (the infantry), here only in N.T. For the numbers here see on Revelation 5:11; Revelation 7:4.... [ Continue Reading ]
AND THUS I SAW IN THE VISION (κα ουτως ειδον εν τη ορασε). Nowhere else does John allude to his own vision, though often in Dan. (Daniel 7:2; Daniel 8:2; Daniel 8:15; Daniel 9:21).HAVING (εχοντας). Accusative masculine plural of εχω, probably referring to the riders (τους καθημενους επ' αυτων)... [ Continue Reading ]
BY THESE THREE PLAGUES (απο των τριων πληγων τουτων). Our "plague" or stroke from πλησσω, as in Luke 10:30 and often in Rev. (Revelation 9:20; Revelation 11:6; Revelation 15:1; Revelation 15:6; Revelation 15:8; Revelation 16:9; Revelation 18:4;... [ Continue Reading ]
THE POWER (η εξουσια). As in Revelation 2:26; Revelation 6:8. This power of the horses is both in their mouths (because of the fire, smoke, brimstone) and in their tails, "for their tails are like unto serpents" (α γαρ ουρα αυτων ομοια οφεσιν). Associative-instrumental case οφεσιν after ομοια. Οφ... [ Continue Reading ]
REPENTED NOT (ου μετενοησαν). First aorist active indicative of μετανοεω. The two-thirds of mankind still spared did not change their creed or their conduct.OF THE WORKS (εκ των εργων). For this use of εκ after μετανοεω see Revelation 2:21; Revelation 9:21; Revelation 16:11. By "works" (εργων)... [ Continue Reading ]
OF THEIR MURDERS (εκ των φονων αυτων). Heads the list, but "sorceries" (εκ των φαρμακων) comes next. Φαρμακον was originally enchantment, as also in Revelation 21:8, then drug. For φαρμακια see Revelation 18:34; Galatians 5:20. The two other items are fornication (πορνειας) and thefts (κλεμματων,... [ Continue Reading ]