γογγύζετε. See Exodus 16:2; Exodus 17:3; Numbers 14:2-29; Numbers 16:41.

ἀπώλοντο. Observe the aorist here for destruction by one act, as compared with the imperfect ἀπώλλυντο of the destruction of each person severally by the serpents. This has been overlooked by many copyists. See Critical Note.

ὀλοθρευτοῦ. The angel of death. Cf. Exodus 12:23; Wis 18:25, where nearly the same Greek word is used in the Septuagint as here. Cf. also Genesis 19; 2 Samuel 24:16; 1 Chronicles 21:12; 1 Chronicles 21:15-16; 1 Chronicles 21:20; 2 Kings 19:35; 2 Chronicles 32:21; Acts 12:23. Estius concludes from Jude 1:5; Jude 1:9, that this was the Archangel Michael, but the passage does not seem to warrant the conclusion.

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Old Testament