Efésios 4:31

Let all bitterness. — There is a similar enumeration in the parallel passage, Colossenses 3:8; and in all such catalogues in St. Paul’s Epistles, while it is vain to seek for formal and elaborate system, there is always profound method and connection of idea. Here the first symptom of the temper forbidden is “bitterness,” or sharpness — a word seldom used, and generally in half-poetical passages (see Atos 8:23; Romanos 3:14; Hebreus 12:15) — that is, an acerbity of temper, ready to take offence and break out in anger. The next stage is “wrath and anger,” that is, passionate outburst, and the deeper anger of which it is at once effect and cause. (Comp. Romanos 2:8; Colossenses 3:8; Apocalipse 19:15.) In these the smouldering bitterness kindles into flame. The last stage is “clamour and evil speaking” — “clamour” (used in this sense only here) being the loud fury of the first burst of wrath, passing into the more deliberate evil-speaking, as the temper cools down without losing its settled anger.

With all malice. — All are various exhibitions of “malice” — that is, evil mindedness or malignity — the general disposition which is the opposite of goodness, graciousness, and sympathy. (Comp. Romanos 1:29; 1 Coríntios 5:8; 1 Coríntios 14:20; Tiago 1:21; 1 Pedro 2:1.) By the law of human nature they rise out of this temper, and react upon it so as to intensify its bitterness. Both it generally, and they in particular, must be resisted and cast out.